A Uih Zahin A Hoih: Zawngtah

ANUNG THU

2016 kum WHO[1] te’ report gelhna sungah, leitungah misi 70% pen sikhum leh zunkhum hang hi, cizen hi. Hizah aa, mi tampi-in asih lawh natna ahi, sikum leh zunkhum natna pen Zawngtah in zo mahmah cih mipilte in mu khia khinta uh hi.

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Zawngtah pen Australia gam ah kimu masa in tua hunlai-in, sih theihna ding alauhuai singkung khat hi, ci-in ciamteh uh hi. Thamlo in, nung deuh mahmah, 2020 kum a kibawl CARA[2] 2020 Khawmpi (conference) na ngawn ah a sialin ne lehang natna hong pia thei singkungte lak ah khatin ciamteh lai uh hi. A tua cih theihna ding thukhat ah, Zawngtah hawng sungah a om djenkolic[3] akici amino acid[4] nam khat pen guu (toxic) ahi hi. Hih in zun paina leh kal (kidney) sia sak thei hi. Tua-ahih manin, ahawng kiat sianglo aa ih neekloh zenzen pen, a kipil mahmah hi gige hi.  Thamlo in, amu pua lam ah cyclic polysulfides[5] a kici dat nam khat zong kihel aa, tuate zong guu mah hi-in, ahi zongin, tui sungah diah lehang, tua guu ii a thahatna bei pah lel citciat hi. Tua ahih manin, Zawngtah ih bawl ding ciangin tui sungah ih diah tangtang zong, a hoih mahmah khat nahi gige hi.

Zawngtah pen Australia gam panin New Zealand, California, Africa leh Asia gam dongah kizelh hi. Australia pen Zawngtah pianna (origin) ci-in kikipsak aa, ahi zongin Zawngtah tam a om penpen na leh ane mi tam a om penpen-na mun leuleu pen Southeast Asia (Asia gam sung nisuahna khanglam) hi-in, adiakin India, Kawlgam, Thailand, Indonesia, leh Malaysia te ahi hi. Thamlo in, mipil pawl khatin, Asia gam sung pen Zawngtah om cilna mun hizaw dinga, ahi zongin, pilna lamah Asiate ziakai ahih manin, a thei khalo uh hi ding hi, ci uh hi.

Zawngtah pen mikaangte in ‘stink bean’ ci uh aa-ahi zongin leitungah ‘petai’ ci-in a thei mi tam penpen hi. Petai cih pen min hoih leh a zaknop kammal hilo in, ‘kalkawm’ ahih kei leh ‘uih lel ciai’ cihnopna lam ah a kizang kammal ahi hi.  Zawngtah sungah methane gas tuamtuam leh sulfur dat tuamtuam tampi a om huhau in, uih vengvung ahih manin ‘petai’ a kici, apai suak hi ding hi, kici hi. Hih ‘petai’ cih kammal pen Indonesia pan akipan hizaw ding maw Malaysia pan hizaw ding cih, tudong a kicianin kipsakna om nailo hi.

 Kawlte in Myauk-ngo ci-in sam uh aa, Zawngtah agah leh ahiang kizopna khauhlua mahmah ahih manin zawngte na ngawnin duh mahmah napi uh, lo zolo in kap uh hi, tua hangin Myauk-ngo akici hi, ci uh hi. Zogam, Manipur leh Mizo gamte in Zawngṭah (Zongtrah) ih ci hi.

AMANPHATNA

Zawngtah pen Limsing mah bangin sikhang kiamsak thei baan ah, zunkhum, leh sikhum natna neite a dingin zongh hoih mahmah hi. Tanglai-in, sikhang leh zunkhum natna neite a ding zatui omlo ahih manin, Peninsular Malaysia bangah tua natna-aneite a ding Zawngtah gah leh amu, amawkna in hawmliang ngei uh hi. Tu dongciang mah sikhang leh zunkhum natna-a damna dingin mang zatui (western drug) sangin, hoih zawlai hi, ci-in, kancianna (research) tungtawnin, mipil Baynes ahi aa, Ramesh leh alawmte in ahi zongin gen lai uh hi.

Tanglai-in phaknatna aneite zong Zawngtah tawh kibawl leh dam kici aa, siklik (wart) zong Zawngtah in beisak thei hi. Thamlo in, lungsim gikin lunggimna natna (depression), PMS[6], sitawm thabei (anemia), sung/ek khak (constipation), thau-lua (overweight), leh meima (ulcers) tuamtuamte adamna dingin Zawngtah in huh thei hi.

Zawngtah sungah a om datte a kisittel tak ciangin antioxidant tawh kisai dat tampitak a sungah a om lam kimu aa, phenolics,[7] flavonoids, alkaloids,[8] leh terpenoids[9] cihte tampi tak om ahih manin hih atungah ih gente’ sangin zong cidamna dingin ahoih zaw tampi hong pia theilai dingin ki um ahih manin, aki kankhia khinzo nailo hizaw hi, ci-in mipilte in gen uh hi.

Zawngtah mu sungah a kihel dat tampite sung panin, carbohydrates (68.3–68.7%), proteins (6–27.5%), thauna (fats) (1.6–13.3%), fibers (1.7–2.0%), leh minerals (0.5–0.8%) cih bangin kihel hi. Thamlo in minerals tawh gen ding hile hang, Zawngtah mu agikna 100 g ciangin calcium (108–265.1 mg), magnesium (29 mg), potassium (341 mg), phosphorous (115 mg), iron (2.2–2.7 mg), vitamin C (19.3 mg), vitamin E (4.15 mg) cih bangin kihel aa, cidamna dingin zatui sai ah ih lei zatui pawlkhat-te sungah a kihel mineralte’ sangin tam kihel thei zawlai cih kimu thei hi.

ZAHPAH THEIHDING PAWLKHAT

1.     Guh leh ha cidamna

Zawngtah 100 g sungah phosphorus (mineral namkhat) 115 mg kihelin, tua pen nisim neek ding ahoih bek (RDI)[10] zah ii 14% bang hipah hi. Hih phosphorus pen guh leh ha-a cidamna dingin a kisam mahmah khat ahi hi. Adiakin phosphorus in guh khauhlo in a kitan baih natna (osteoporosis) dal aa, pumpi sunga cell[11] te zong cidamsak hi. Tua-ahih manin, guh leh ha cidamna dingin Zawngtah manmanin nek huai hi.

2.     Khuak

Zawngtah 100 g sungah potassium 341 mg kihelin, tua pen nisim neek ding ahoih bek zah ii 12% ahi hi. Hih potassium in khuak sung nasepnate lemtuah ahih manin, khuak sung cidamna dingin Zawngtah nek huai mahmah hi.

3.     Naupaaite

Naupaaite pen naupaailote sangin iron (taan-dat) azah nih in kisam zaw hi. A diakdiakin anaupai kipat, kaal khat panin kaal sawm leh nih sung kisam phadeuh hi. Ahang pen a sunga om nau acidamna ding leh akhan na ding ahi hi. Zawngtah 100 g sungah iron 2.7 mg kihel aa, tua pen nisim nek ding a-ahoih bek zah ii 15% bang ahi hi. Tua-ahih manin numei naupaaite in, sahawk, lingmaw, tamfaza, cihte tawh helin Zawngtah ne zelzel leh, ahoih mahmah ding ahi hi.

4.     Thau kisa lua maw?

Thau akisa simte in zong Zawngtah nek zel ding ahi hi. Ahang pen Zawngtah agikna 100 g sungah 3.4 g pen dietary fiber[12] hi aa, tua pen ni khat aa dietary fiber neek ding ahoihbek zah ii 14% ahi hi. 2017 kumin British bulphuh kancianna (research) khat ah, ni simin dietary fiber 7 g bang ne den hile hang, lungtang (heart) cidam mahmah dinga, thaulua cih bang om ngeilo ding hi, ci-in mu khia uh hi.

5.     Zunkhum leh cancer natna neite

Zawngtah sungah stigmasterol[13], leh β-sitosterol[14] cihte om ahih manin sikhum zunkhum neite in maan takin ne leh hoih mahmah hi. Hih stigmasterol, leh β-sitosterol te pen gah le tehte sungah om phadeuh aa, a tamzaw in bee (bean) gah namte sungah omin, a diakin bee-ik (soybean) sungah zong tampi kihel hi. Ahi zongin, tu laitak ciangciang a kimuhkhiatna-ah, Zawngtah sungah tam kihel penpen kici hi.

Stigmasterol in cancer lungno dal zawhna tha zong nei hi. Thamlo in, cancer natna ding adal thei antioxidant dat khat mah ahi phenolic zong Zawngtah sungah tampi kihel hi. Tua-ahih manin, cancer natna neite in Zawngtah manmanin ne le uh noptuamna ngah uh maw ngahlo uh cih sinna (kancianna) kician lian a om nailoh hangin Zawngtah panin cancer dalna ding zatui bawl theih ding a lunglut mi tampitak a om laitak ahi hi. Tua-ahih manin, cancer natna-aneite in zong Zawngtah nene leh khialh omlo ding ahi hi.

Hih stigmasterol, leh β-sitosterol te hang mahin Zawngtah pen sikum zunkhum, leh sikhang natna a damna dingin ahoih mahmah khatin kiciamteh leuleu hi. Zunkhum pen ahuampi-in nam nih in kikhen aa, type 1 leh type 2 kici hi. Type 1 pen type 2 sangin angah mi tawmzaw tham hi. Hih type 1 pen genetic[15] (DNA)[16] tawh kisai-in apiang sikhum natna hi aa; type 2 leuleu pen mi a tamzaw in angah sikhum natna hi-in, neek le dawn leh, nuntak-khuasakzia tungtawnin apiang ahi hi. Hite nih sung panin Zawngtah nene lehang a dam thei sikum natna pen anihna (type 2) pen zaw ahi hi.

6.     Sikhang leh lungtangna

Atungah, tangtawng pek panin sikhang damna dingin Zawngtah a kizat-theih lam ih gelh mah bangin, nung deuh khatin US zatui lamsang vaisaite (US Food and Drug Administration) in Zawngtah Companyte’ tungah sikhang kiamsak theihna leh lungtang cimawh vat (heart attack) natna dal theihna, Zawngtah sungah om cih, amuh khiatnate uh, ki kipsak hi. Zawngtah sungah potassium akici dat tampi kihel napi, ci (salt) dat tawm mahmah ahih manin, tua in sikhang leh lungtangna pan damna-apiangsak thei ahi hi. Tua-ahih manin, sikhang nei, lungtang hoihlote in, Zawngtah neek zelzel huai mahmah aa, thamlo in, zatui-in aki zang thei dingin, Zawngtah gah vuisak, keu sakin kem khinkhian huai hi.

7.     Siklik

Siklik pen a theilo ki omlo dingin ka um hi. Papillomavirus (HPV) a kici, virus nam khat hangin apiang hi aa, abei ding leh adam ding haksa mahmah citciat thei hi. Siklik nei-in, abumna ding tawh abuaite in, Zawngtah gah neen sakin ahi aa, ahawng kikiat khiate tawh ahi zongin kibum thei hi. Tua Zawngtah siklik omna mun ah taat, ahih keileh, atung pan puansia/plaster khat peuh tawh tuam suk leh, dam haklo ding hi.

8.     Zateepte

Za duh mahmah, agawl zolo, agawlnuam mahmahte in zongh Zawngtah manmanin nek huai hi. Ahang pen, Zawngtah sungah a om potassium, magnesium, vitamin B6, leh vitamin B12 te in, nicotine hemkhia thei hi. Nicotine pen dat khat hi-in, za akiteep ciangin, tua datin khuak sung sukha in, nopsakna (feeling) khat apiang sak thei dat dang khat ahi, neurotransmitters akici dat khat nasem sak ahih manin, za teepte in za duhna leh, za-ateep uh leh nopsakna feeling khat anei uh ahi hi. Tua ahih manin, nicotine kiheemkhia den peuh leh, tua feeling piang thei nawnlo hi.

ZAWNGTAH CIIN ZIA

Zawngtah in lei-nel (buan-lei) leh khua lum pian deih hi. Zawngtah a dingin khualumna 20°C pan 28°C, kikaal hoih bek a, ahi zongin 16°C pan 36°C kikaal dongah nungta zo hi. Kum khatin guah tui luanna 1000 pan 2000 mm angahna munte Zawngtah cinna dingin hoih bek aa, ahi zongin 800 pan 2500 mm dong thuak zo hi. Agol masiah nisa naak thuak zolo ahih manin, liim bawlsak huai hi. Tuipi maitang panin pi 4600 tung siah ah hoih zo nawnlo hi. Amu tuh na ding leh ano suan na dingin leitang pH 5.5 pan 7 hoih kikaal hileh hoih aa, ahi zongin 7.5 dong thuakzo in, hing zo hi. Zawngtah khat apicing na dingin kum 7 bangh ngak kul hi.

ZAWNGTAH LEH APAWLTE

Zawngtah leh akibatpih singkung (tree) dangte khempeuh pen Fabaceae ci-in mipilte (Botanists) in min napia uh aa a kibang/aki innkuan/akibeh khat cihnopna ‘family’ ci uh hi. Tua nuai ah nam 765 kimu (kikipsak) khinin, tuateng khempeuh pen beh kibang phung kidang cihnopna ‘genus (genera)’ kici hi. Tua nam 765 te, them cikcik a kilamdanna uh tawh kizui-in kikhen suk leuleu aa, nam 19500 bangh kimu khin leuleu hi. Tuate pen acii-tuam ciat cihnopna ‘species’ kici hi. A kimu nailo omlai dingin kilamen hi. Hih zah zeizaite’ sungah, laibu gelhna-ah ih bulphuh Zawngtah zongh khatin a kihel ahi hi. Kawlgam ah tam a om penpen Zawngtah dingin a ki um pen anuai aa-a hi aa, tua mah pen hih laibu gelhna-ah ih bulphuh pen hipah hi.

Family                    : Fabaceae

Genus                    : Parkia

Species                   : insignis

Scientific Name      : Parkia insignis Kurz.

Mikang                   : Stink Bean

Kawl                      : Myauk-ngo

Tedim                    : Zawngtah

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[1] WHO pen mi kimin a kithei World Health Organization hi-in, leitung bup cidamna lamsang kipawlna-ahi hi. Mihingte’ a dingin cidam ding sangin a thupizaw omlo hi cih bulphuh in, mi kimin cidamna kicing ngah kim zawh nading, cih lungtup WHO in a bulphuh pi hi-in, 1948 kumin akiphuan ahi hi.

[2] Cara pen The Canadian Association of Research Administrators cihnopna hi aa, Canada mipil pawlkhat kipawlin aphuat uh kipawlna khat hi-in, a nasep uh abulpi pen na/thu khat peuhpeuh kancianna/kantelna (research) panin muhkhiatna-athakte enkik in kikupkhop kik na-ahi hi. 1970 kum pan kipanin, tu dongin kum simin a kinei tangtang kimuhkhopna khat ahi hi.

[3] Djenkolic acid pen sulfur a kihel amino acid nam khat hi aa, Djenkol a kici singgahte’ sungah kimu masa ahih manin, djenkolic a kici ahi hi. Zawngtah amu ah djenkolic kihel hi.

[4] Amino acid pen nuntakna-anei dat khat hi-in, carboxyl (-COOH) leh amino (-NH2) te tawh kibitphuah hi. Amino acid panin protein piangin, nuntakna pumpi a dingin a thupi pen panmun la in na sem hi.

[5] Cyclic polysulfide pen anionic a kici sulfur atoms panin apiang ahi hi. Nampi nih in kikhenin inorganic leh organic hi aa, Zawngtah sungah a omte pen organic hi-in, hih dat-te hangin Zawngtah agim namsia in, agim akhauh vengvung ahi hi.

[6] PMS pen Pre-Menstrual Syndrome hi aa, numeite a niin neih hunun apiang thei natna nam khat hi-in, lunggim, heh baih, ngaihsutna hi milmel, cih dan khat peuhpeuh vei-in, a ngeina banglo in, omdan kilamdanna khat ahi hi. Hih natna pen numei mi 4 sungah 3 bangin in nei hi, kici aa, ahang ding a upmawh huai tampi a om thei ding ahi phial zongin, tua hang taktak hi, cih, kithei cian nailo hi.

[7] Phenolics pen phenol zong kici-in, hydroxyl groups (−OH) khat ahih keileh khat sangin a tamzawte hydrocarbon group tawh akizom pen phenolic kici hi. Phenol pen a kizat theihna tampi sung panin kam khuahna-ahi aa, lungno thatna-ah ahi zongin a kizatnate a minthang diakte ahi hi.

[8] Alkaloid pen dat (organic compound) nam khat hi-in, a tawm penpen nitrogen atom khat tawh kibitphuah hi. Singkung seh 4 suah seh 1 sungah alkaloid kihel hi. Alkaloid in mihing leh ganhingte’ pumpi sungah kikhelna tuamtuam piangsak thei hi.

[9] Terpenoids pen isoprene dat (compound) namte panin apiang ahi hi. Singkung lopa gim khauh aneite pen terpenoids hang hithei aa, cidamna ding phattuamna pia thei ahih manin, tanglai-in zatui dingin kinak zat mahmah hi. Citral, menthol, camphor, leh cannabinoids cih te pen, terpenoid nam vive ahi hi. Singkung lopate sungpan in lungno tuamtuam a thuakzo deuh pawlkhat om aa, tuate pen a sungah terpenoid a om hang hithei phadeuh hi.

[10] Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) acih ciangin, tha omna ding ahih keileh cidamna dinga ih neek a tuamtuamte pen cidamna tawh akituak dingin nikhatin bangzah lian ne ding cih ciaptehna ahi hi. 

[11] Cell pen nuntakna cih a om theih nading a kisam van (unit) neu khat hi aa, nuntakna lak ah aneu penpen van khat ahi hi. Amah a nuntakna tungtawnin a nungta pumpi, gentehna, mihing, ganhing, singkung lopa, cihte a om thei ahi hi. Kam dang khatin cile hang, cell om kei leh nuntakna omlo dinga, cell kisia, ahih kei leh, si, ahih kei leh cell in a na sep ding bangin semlo, cih dan khat peuhpeuh hileh, nuntakna kisa (kisi) hi.

[12] Dietary fiber pen roughage zong kici-in ih neek an leh tui, a diakin gah le tehte’ sungah a om khau themnengte (fiber) hi aa, mihingte’ an gawi setin gawi zan siang sitset zolo hi. Gah le tehte sungah a om dietary fiber pen ahuampi-in nam nih in kikhen aa, soluble (tui sungah a om ciangin a tui suak thei) leh insoluble (tui sungah a om hangin tui-in apiang khin theilo) cih bangin kikhen hi. Tua-ahih manin, fiber a kihel an tam ne lehang, an gawi-in gawi siang sitset zolo ahih manin gilkial hak deuh pah hi.

[13] Stigmasterol pen gah le tehte leh gah le tehte pan apiang sathaute’ sungah a om dat namkhat hi aa sterol zong kici thei hi. Hih stigmasterol in pancreas (gilpi um gei ah a om, an gawi ahuh, tui apiang sak sameeng) sungah a om α-cells a kici cell te’ tungtawnin insulin a kici hormone nam khat hawmkhia in, tua hangin cikhum (sugar/glucose) te ih sivui sungah nuamtakin luang thei-in, cidamin kithahat thei hi. Thamlo in, hih stigmasterol in cancer lungno dal theihna tha zong nei hi.

[14] β-sitosterol in pumpi tungah a om cholesterol te kiamsak hi. Hih cholesterol in sivui sungah athau kicing sak ahih manin, hoihlo hi.

[15] Genetic pen khang-gui ahih keileh luahsuk nuntakna cihnopna hi aa, gene, DNA cihte tawh akizom ahi hi. Hih anuai ah DNA ah a kicing zaw in kisim thei ding hi.    

[16] DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) pen nuntakna-a om theihna dingin a phamawh penpen van khat hi aa, laimal mal 4 tawh ki bitphuah hi. Tua laimal mal 4 te baan ah deoxyribose akici cikhum namkhat leh phosphate akici ‘anion’ te zong kihel hi. Tua DNA a piang sak laimal 4 te pen ‘ATCG’ hi-in, nitrogenous bases kici hi. Tua laimalte sungpan, A pen adenine, T pen thymine, C pen cytosine, leh G pen guanine cihnopna-ahi hi. Hih laimal 4 te, khat leh khat hydrogen bond tawh kizom hi. Kimawk zop lo in, A leh T kizom aa, C leh G kizom hi. A leh T kizopna pen hydrogen bond 2 tawh kizomin, C leh G kizopna leuleu, hydrogen bond 3 tawh kizom hi. Mihingte’ sungah a om DNA sungah bases 3,000,000,000 kiim omin, tuate sung pan 99% bangh mihing khat leh khat kibangh hi. Ahi zongin, hih 1% bekbek a kilamdanna huhau in, mihing a kibangh lian cih bangh a om ngeilo ahi hi. DNA pen a khang a khangin, nu leh pa, pi leh pu tung pan a kingah suksuk khat ahih dung zui-in, pi leh pu, nu leh pate’ mel, gamtat zia leh natnate’ a tu a tate in a kisun (pua) suksuk ahi hi. DNA a lom a om pen gene kici aa, tuate tawh kisai thute sinna pen genetics kici hi.